مطالعات راهبردی آمریکا

مطالعات راهبردی آمریکا

شورش مقدس: بازگشت بنیادگرایی سیاسی-مذهبی در قلب سیاست ایالات متحده آمریکا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
استادیار، گروه مطالعات ایران و جهان، دانشکده مطالعات جهان، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
پژوهش‌های مربوط به بنیادگرایی غالباً به جوامع اسلامی یا خاورمیانه معطوف بوده‌اند، اما صورت‌بندی‌های بنیادگرایانه در سنت مسیحی–سیاسی ایالات متحده کمتر به‌طور نظام‌مند بررسی شده است. این مقاله با تمرکز بر جنبش تی‌پارتی نشان می‌دهد که چگونه بخشی از این جنبش اعتراضیِ ابتدا اقتصادی–مالی، در بستر منازعات فرهنگی دهه‌ ۲۰۱۰ و ضعف نهادی حزب جمهوری‌خواه، به گونه‌ای متمایز از بنیادگرایی سیاسی–مذهبی تبدیل شد. پرسش اصلی این است که چه مکانیزم‌هایی موجب سیاسی‌شدن دین و رادیکالیزه‌ شدن هویت مسیحی–محافظه‌کار در درون تی‌پارتی گردید. پژوهش با بهره‌گیری از ردیابی فرایند و اتکا بر سه منبع داده—تحلیل گفتمان رهبران و شبکه‌های فعال تی‌پارتی، مرور انتقادی ادبیات علمی و رسانه‌ای و استفاده از پیمایش‌های معتبر ملی—تحول گفتمانی و سازمانی این جنبش را واکاوی می‌کند. یافته‌ها در چارچوب نظری «احیا–واکنش–سیاسی‌شدن» نشان می‌دهد که سه سازوکار اصلی در این گذار نقش داشته‌اند: احیای هویت دینی در میان سفیدپوستان انجیلی، احساس فزاینده تهدید فرهنگی در برابر تغییرات اجتماعی، و خلأ نمایندگی مذهبی در ساختارهای رسمی حزب جمهوری‌خواه. مطالعه نتیجه می‌گیرد که بنیادگرایی سیاسی–مذهبی پدیده‌ای جهانی و صرفاً متعلق به یک سنت دینی نیست، بلکه حاصل تعامل پیچیده هویت، نهادها و رقابت‌های سیاسی است؛ فهمی که امکان بازنگری در چارچوب‌های مسلط درباره بنیادگرایی و ارائه چشم‌اندازهای گسترده‌تر برای مطالعه دین در سیاست معاصر را فراهم می‌کند.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Sacred Rebellion: The Return of Political–Religious Fundamentalism at the Heart of United States Politics

نویسنده English

Ali Nematpour
Assistant Professor, Department of Iran and World Studies, Faculty of World Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Research on fundamentalism has predominantly focused on Islamic societies or the West Asian region, while fundamentalist formations within the Christian–political tradition of the United States have received comparatively limited systematic examination. Focusing on the Tea Party movement, this article demonstrates how a segment of what initially emerged as an economic–fiscal protest movement evolved, within the context of the cultural conflicts of the 2010s and the institutional weaknesses of the Republican Party, into a distinct form of political–religious fundamentalism. The central question of the study is: What mechanisms contributed to the politicization of religion and the radicalization of Christian–conservative identity within the Tea Party movement? Employing process tracing and drawing on three sources of data—discourse analysis of Tea Party leaders and activist networks, a critical review of scholarly and media literature, and the use of nationally representative survey data—the research investigates the movement’s discursive and organizational transformation. Within the theoretical framework of “revival–reaction–politicization,” the findings indicate that three principal mechanisms played a decisive role in this transition: the revival of religious identity among White Evangelicals, a growing sense of cultural threat in response to social change, and the absence of effective religious representation within the formal structures of the Republican Party. The study concludes that political–religious fundamentalism is a global phenomenon and not one confined to a particular religious tradition; rather, it emerges from the complex interaction of identity, institutions, and political competition. Such an understanding enables a reconsideration of dominant frameworks for analyzing fundamentalism and provides broader perspectives for the study of religion in contemporary politics.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

United States
Tea Party Movement
Fundamentalism
Political Religion
Social Conservatism
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انتشار آنلاین از 28 مرداد 1405

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