روند آمریکازدایی از جهان و الگوی راهبردی ترامپ علیه آن (2021- 2017)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد مطالعات منطقه‌ای- آمریکای شمالی، گروه مطالعات جهان، پژوهشکده مطالعات تمدنی شهید صدر(ره)، دانشگاه جامع امام حسین(ع)، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده و پژوهشکده علوم فرهنگی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه جامع امام حسین (ع)، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

پس از پایان جنگ جهانی دوم، ایالات‌متحده توانست با اتکا به قدرت اقتصادی، نظامی و نهادی خود، نظمی لیبرال را بنا کند که طی چند دهه چارچوب اصلی تعاملات جهانی را تشکیل داد. بااین‌حال، تحولات چند دهه‌ اخیر از جمله ظهور چین و روسیه، بحران‌های ساختاری در غرب و چالش‌های درونی ایالات‌متحده، نشان داد که نظم آمریکامحور در حال افول نسبی است، ولی آمریکا به سادگی اجازه نخواهد داد نقش رهبری جهان را از دست بدهد. لذا سؤال اصلی پژوهش این است که ایالات‌متحده در دوره اول ریاست جمهوری ترامپ (2021-2017) چگونه به روند گذار به نظم پسا‌آمریکایی واکنش نشان داد و این واکنش‌ها چه تأثیری بر موقعیت هژمونیک آمریکا برجای گذاشت؟ این پژوهش که مبتنی بر رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی و با بهره‌گیری از روش مطالعه اسنادی انجام شده، به بررسی تاریخی و نظری روند افول نظم لیبرال، ویژگی‌های نظم پسا‌آمریکایی و در نهایت اقدامات ترامپ در مواجهه با این روند و نتیجه آن پرداخته است. یافته‌های نشان می‌دهد که سیاست خارجی آمریکا در دوره اول ترامپ نه در قالب احیاء رهبری جهانی لیبرال، بلکه در چارچوب نوعی هژمونی تدافعی شکل گرفت. در این چارچوب، دولت ترامپ با بهره‌گیری از ابزارهای قدرت سخت و ژئواقتصادی شامل افزایش توان نظامی، جنگ تعرفه‌ای، تحریم‌های فراسرزمینی و دیپلماسی اکراهی در پی مهار روند آمریکازدایی و جلوگیری از تثبیت این نظم بود. اما به‌دلیل یک‌جانبه‌گرایی، تضعیف نهادهای چندجانبه و فرسایش اعتماد متحدان، نه‌تنها به توقف روند آمریکازدایی منجر نشد، بلکه باعث تسریع چندقطبی شدن نظام بین‌الملل و کاهش مشروعیت هژمونیک آمریکا گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Global Trend of De-Americanization and Trump’s Strategic Response to It (2017–2021)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Majid Taghizadeh 1
  • Majid Behestani 2
1 M.A. in Regional Studies–North America, Department of World Studies, Shahid Sadr Institute of Civilizational Studies, Imam Hossein Comprehensive University, Tehran, Iran
2 Corresponding author: Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty and Institute of Cultural and Social Sciences, Imam Hossein Comprehensive University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Following the end of the Second World War, the United States was able, by relying on its economic, military, and institutional power, to construct a liberal order that for several decades constituted the principal framework of global interactions. Nevertheless, developments in recent decades—including the rise of China and Russia, structural crises in the West, and internal challenges within the United States—have indicated that the U.S.-centered order is undergoing relative decline, even though the United States is unlikely to relinquish its global leadership role without resistance. Accordingly, the central question of this study is: how did the United States respond, during Trump’s first presidential term (2017–2021), to the transition toward a post-American order, and what effects did these responses have on America’s hegemonic position? Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach and employing documentary research, this study examines the historical and theoretical trajectory of the decline of the liberal order, the characteristics of a post-American order, and, ultimately, Trump’s measures in response to this trend and their consequences. The findings indicate that U.S. foreign policy during Trump’s first term did not take shape within the framework of restoring liberal global leadership; rather, it was formulated within a pattern of defensive hegemony. Within this framework, the Trump administration sought to contain the process of de-Americanization and prevent the consolidation of such an order by employing instruments of hard power and geoeconomic statecraft, including military build-up, tariff wars, extraterritorial sanctions, and coercive diplomacy. However, owing to unilateralism, the weakening of multilateral institutions, and the erosion of allies’ trust, these policies not only failed to halt the trend of de-Americanization, but also accelerated the multipolarization of the international system and reduced the hegemonic legitimacy of the United States.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • post-American order
  • de-Americanization
  • hegemony
  • decline of U.S. power
  • multipolarization
  • Donald Trump

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مطالعات راهبردی آمریکا
دوره 5، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 4
شماره پیاپی 20- زمستان 1404
خرداد 1405
صفحه 11-39

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 23 آذر 1404
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 18 خرداد 1405
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 01 خرداد 1405
  • تاریخ انتشار: 18 خرداد 1405

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