تحلیل روند تاریخی سیاست‌گذاری ایالات متحده آمریکا در قبال زنجیره ارزش جهانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین‌الملل، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکده علوم اقتصادی و سیاسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران.

2 استادیار، گروه اقتصاد دانش‌ بنیان، پژوهشکده مطالعات فناوری، تهران، ایران.

3 استادیار، گروه مدیریت، دانشکده مدیریت، اقتصاد و مهندسی پیشرفت، دانشگاه علم و صنعت ایران، تهران، ایران.

4 استادیار، گروه روابط بین الملل، دانشکده امنیت ملی، دانشگاه عالی دفاع ملی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

زنجیره‌های ارزش جهانی به پایه و اساس سازمان‌های صنعتی در جهان معاصر تبدیل شده‌ و حتی برخی آن‌ها را به منزله «ستون فقرات اقتصاد جهانی» می‌دانند. این نوع تقسیم کار بین‌المللی در امتداد زنجیره‌های ارزش جهانی، بسیاری از شرکت‌های چندملیتی آمریکایی را به مراکز طراحی محصول و نوآوری بدون کارخانه تبدیل کرده است. به لحاظ تاریخی آمریکا پس از حدود یک قرن سیاست‌های حمایت­‌گرایانه در قرن نوزدهم و اوایل قرن بیستم، امضای توافق‌نامه‌های تجاری متقابل برای کاهش موانع تعرفه‌­ای و غیرتعرفه‌­ای برای تجارت را جزء اولویت اصلی خود قرار داده بود؛ اما حالا در دهه اخیر به‌ویژه با ظهور ترامپ موج سیاست‌های حمایت‌گرایی در آمریکا مجدداً شدت گرفته است. سؤال اصلی پژوهش این است که روند تغییرات سیاست‌های ایالات متحده آمریکا به‌عنوان یکی از مؤثرترین کشورها در حوزه زنجیره‌های ارزش جهانی چگونه بوده است؟ فرضیه پژوهش آن است که آمریکا طی سال‌های اخیر به تجدیدنظر و بازنگری پیرامون زنجیره‌های ارزش خود مبادرت ورزیده است و اقدام به بازطراحی و نهایتاً اجبار شرکت‌ها و حلقه‌های واسطه به بازگشت به داخل خاک آمریکا نموده است. در ادامه این پژوهش مبتنی بر رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی و با بهره‌گیری از روش مطالعه اسنادی و تحلیل روندی به دنبال بررسی و تحلیل سیاست‌های آمریکا طی دهه‌های گذشته در طراحی و پیشبرد زنجیره ارزش جهانی است. همچنین در بررسی روند سیاست‌گذاری آمریکا در این حوزه از چارچوب مفهومی نقش دولت در زنجیره ارزش جهانی استفاده شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که راهبرد آمریکا در قبال زنجیره ارزش جهانی همواره یکسان نبوده و در بازه‌های زمانی متفاوت، متناسب با اقتضائات تحولات داخلی و بین‌المللی تغییر سیاست‌هایی را تجربه کرده است. گذار این کشور از سیاست‌های تسهیل‌کننده تجارت آزاد به سیاست‌های تنظیم‌گری و حمایت‌گری و ایفای نقش خریدار محصولات این زنجیره‌ها دلالت‌های مهمی برای اقتصاد جهانی و در نتیجه رفتار سایر بازیگران مهم داشته و از همین روی بر تجارت جهانی و منطقه‌ای جمهوری اسلامی ایران نیز مؤثر است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

An Analysis of the Historical Trajectory of United States Policymaking toward Global Value Chains

نویسندگان [English]

  • mohammad sadiq rahimi 1
  • mohammad sadiq saremi 2
  • amir zakery 3
  • davood karimipour 4
1 PhD student in International Relations, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Knowledge-Based Economics, Institute for Technological Studies, Tehran, Iran.
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Management, Economics and Advanced Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Faculty of National Security, National Defense University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Global value chains have become the foundation of industrial organization in the contemporary world, to the extent that some regard them as the “backbone of the global economy.” This form of international division of labor along global value chains has transformed many U.S. multinational corporations into factoryless centers of product design and innovation. Historically, after nearly a century of protectionist policies during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the United States prioritized the conclusion of reciprocal trade agreements aimed at reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade. However, over the past decade—particularly with the rise of the Trump administration—a renewed wave of protectionist policies has intensified in the United States. The central research question of this study is how the trajectory of policy change in the United States, as one of the most influential actors in the domain of global value chains, has evolved. The research hypothesis posits that in recent years the United States has undertaken a reassessment and revision of its value chains, moving toward their redesign and ultimately compelling firms and intermediary segments to relocate activities back to U.S. territory. Accordingly, adopting a descriptive–analytical approach and employing documentary research methods and trend analysis, this study examines and analyzes U.S. policies over past decades in the design and advancement of global value chains. The analysis of U.S. policymaking trends in this area is also grounded in the conceptual framework of the role of the state in global value chains. The findings indicate that the U.S. strategy toward global value chains has not been constant; rather, it has undergone policy shifts across different periods in response to domestic and international contingencies. The transition from trade-facilitating free-trade policies toward regulatory and protectionist approaches, along with assuming the role of purchaser within these value chains, carries significant implications for the global economy and, consequently, for the behavior of other major actors. As a result, these policy shifts also affect global and regional trade, including that of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • United States of America
  • Global Value Chains
  • Protectionism
  • Regulation
  • Free Trade

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