مقایسه دیپلماسی سلامت آمریکا برای مقابله با کووید-19 در دوران ترامپ و بایدن

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استاد گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران

2 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد علوم سیاسی دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران

چکیده

دیپلماسی سلامت بیش از یک قرن است که در دستور کار سیاست خارجی دولت­‌ها قرار گرفته است. دیپلماسی سلامت به کشورها کمک می‌­نماید تا با ایجاد قدرت نرم، فرصت­‌های بیشتری برای تحقق منافع ملی خلق نمایند. آمریکا ازجمله کشورهایی است که در حوزه دیپلماسی سلامت همواره فعال بوده و در مجامع بین‌­المللی همچون سازمان بهداشت جهانی حضوری پررنگ و اثرگذار داشته است. هدف مقاله حاضر مقایسه دیپلماسی سلامت آمریکا در دوران ترامپ و بایدن برای تحلیل بهتر و دقیق‌­تر سیاست خارجی آمریکا است. پرسش اصلی مقاله این است که مهم‌ترین وجوه تفاوت و تشابه دیپلماسی سلامت آمریکا در دوران ترامپ و بایدن چیست؟ برای پاسخ به سؤال فوق از روش مقایسه‌­ای استفاده شده و داده‌ها با بهره گیری از روش کتابخانه‌­ای جمع­‌آوری شده است. یافته­‌های پژوهش نشان دادند دیپلماسی سلامت جو بایدن در چهار حوزه با دیپلماسی سلامت ترامپ متفاوت بوده است: راهبرد آمریکا در مقابله با بیماری­‌ها، مشارکت در درمان بیماری­‌ها (اعطای واکسن و...)، چندجانبه­‌گرایی به جای یکجانبه‌­گرایی، و نحوه عملکرد آمریکا در حوزه بهبود زیرساخت امنیت بهداشت جهانی در بلندمدت. در کل می‌توان گفت کنار گذاشتن یکجانبه­‌گرایی در پیش گرفته شده از سوی ترامپ در عرصه جهانی و تعامل با متحدین و نهادهای بین‌­المللی مهم‌ترین وجه بارز تفاوت دیپلماسی سلامت بایدن با ترامپ بوده است. باوجود تفاوت­‌های فوق هر دو رئیس جمهور در سیاست‌­های زیر دارای تشابه بودند: اولویت سلامت شهروندان آمریکایی بر دیگر کشورها، اعمال محدودیت­‌های مالی و پزشکی بر دولت‌­های مخالف و منتقد آمریکا، کاهش هزینه داروهای تجویزی، اجرای قوانین ضد انحصار و تداوم برنامه ملی بیمه اجتماعی.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of U.S. Health Diplomacy in Containing Covid-19 during Trump and Biden Presidencies

نویسندگان [English]

  • َAli Bagheri Dolatabadi 1
  • Reza Yazdanpanah 2
1 Department of Political Science,, Yasouj University, Iran
2 M.A Student, Yasouj University, Yasouj University, Yasuj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Health diplomacy has been part of states' foreign policy for over a century. It enables countries to enhance their national interests by leveraging soft power. The U.S. has consistently been active in health diplomacy, playing a significant role in international organizations like the World Health Organization. This paper aims to compare American health diplomacy during the presidencies of Trump and Biden to provide a clearer and more accurate analysis of U.S. foreign policy. The article poses the question: what is the most significant difference and similarities between U.S. health diplomacy under Trump and Biden? To address this question, a comparative method was employed, and data was gathered through library research. The research findings indicate that Joe Biden's health diplomacy diverged from Trump's in foure key areas: America's strategy for combating diseases, Participation in disease treatment initiatives (such as vaccine donations), A multilateral approach versus a unilateral approach, Responses to global health crises and improvements in long-term global health security infrastructure. In General, the shift from Trump's unilateralism in the global arena to Biden's engagement with allies and international institutions represents the most notable difference in their health diplomacy. Despite the above differences, both presidents had similarities in the following policies: prioritizing the health of American citizens over other countries, imposing financial and medical restrictions on governments that oppose and criticize the United States, reducing the cost of prescription drugs, Antitrust Enforcement and some Medicare policies.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • health diplomacy
  • Covid-19
  • U.S foreign policy
  • World Health Organization

Smiley face

احمدی­ نژاد، حمید. (1401). بازیگری چین در دوران پساکرونا؛ ورود به مرحله سوم چرخه قدرت. مطالعات راهبردی آمریکا، 2(8)، 49-74.
باقری دولت­ آبادی، علی؛ مجاهدزاده، محمد؛ کرمی، مرضیه. (1402). دیپلماسی سلامت اتحادیه اروپا در دوران شیوع کووید-19. سیاست و روابط بین ­الملل، 6(11)، 75-94.
باقری دولت ­آبادی، علی. (1401). دیپلماسی سلامت چین در آفریقا. پژوهشنامه ایرانی سیاست بین­الملل، 11(1)، 87-115.
باقری دولت ­آبادی، علی. (1402). دیپلماسی چینی سلامت و پویایی فزاینده اقتصاد چین در همه­گیری کرونا. پژوهشنامه ایرانی سیاست بین­الملل، د12(1)، 1-29.
دورکیم، امیل. (1373). قواعد روش جامعه شناسی. ترجمه علی محمد کاردان، چاپ پنجم، تهران: دانشگاه تهران.
رجایی، سهیلا. (1399). دیپلماسی سلامت در دوران همه گیری کووید-19. مطالعات راهبردی سیاستگذاری عمومی، 10 (37)، 418-421.
رضاخواه، علیرضا؛ آقاحسینی، علیرضا. (1397). گونه­شناسی قدرت نرم آمریکا با تاکید بر مولفه استثناگرایی آمریکایی. مطالعات قدرت نرم، 8(19)، 69-97.
سلطانی؛ محمدجواد؛ چیت سازیان، محمدرضا. (1400). کووید 19 و امکانپذیری دیپلماسی سلامت در خاورمیانه. مطالعات خاورمیانه، 116(1)، 47-63.
طالعی ­حور، رهبر؛ مبینی، زهرا. (1401). تاثیر تحریم ­های آمریکا بر امنیت سلامت جمهوری اسلامی ایران در شرایط کرونا. مطالعات راهبردی آمریکا، 2(2)، 93-120.
قریشی، فردین. (1401). روش پژوهش علمی. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
کگلی، سی. دبلیو؛ ویتکف، او. آر. (1382). سیاست خارجی آمریکا (الگوها و روندها). ترجمه اصغر دستمالچی، تهران: وزارت امورخارجه.
محمدنیا، مهدی؛ پاپی، معصومه. (1402). نقش دیپلماسی بهداشتی چین در گسترش قدرت نرم آن در دوره ویروس کرونا. مطالعات روابط بین الملل، 16(2)، 119-143.
Abdurahmanli, E. (2021). Definition of diplomacy and types of diplomacy used between states. Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Vol.3, No.3, pp.603-580.
Albright, Matthew (2020). “Similarities and Differences in the Trump and Biden Healthcare Positions “. RAC Monitor, August 26, https://racmonitor.medlearn.com/similarities-and-differences-in-the-trump-and-biden-healthcare-positions/
Banco, Erin (2021). “How Trump’s ‘America First’ edict delayed the global Covid fight”. Politico, 12 January, https://www.politico.com/news/2021/12/01/trump-america-first-covid-523604
Beer, Tommy (2020). “U.S. Won’t Join Global Coronavirus Vaccine Effort Because It’s Led by The WHO”. Forbes, 1 September, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tommybeer/2020/09/01/us-wont-join-global-coronavirus-vaccine-effort-because-its-led-by-the-who/
Biden Jr, J. R. (2021). “The Biden Administration Issues Its COVID-19 Plan”.9 September, https://www.mvalaw.com/alert-10260
Biden Jr, J. R. (2021). Biden Jr, J. R. (2021). “Biden: U.S. will be 'arsenal of vaccines' for the world”. 20 May, https://ge.usembassy.gov/biden-u-s-will-be-arsenal-of-vaccines-for-the-world/
Biden, Jr., Joseph R. (2016). “Building on Success: Opportunities for the Next Administration”. Foreign Affairs, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-08-07/building-success.
Biden, Jr., Joseph R. (2021). “The Power of America’s Example: The Biden Plan for Leading the Democratic World to Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century”. https://joebiden.com/americanleadership./
Bourne, P. (1978), “A Partnership for International Health Care”, Public Health Reports, Vol.93, No.2, pp.114-123.
Bown, C. (2020). “EU limits on medical gear exports put poor countries and Europeans at risk”. Peterson Institute for International Economics Trade and Investment Policy Watch, 19 March 2020.
Brewster, Murray (2020). “Fight over N95 masks shows Trump testing ethical, legal limits in COVID-19 crisis”. CBS, 3 April, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/covid19-masks-trump-1.5520422
Calabrese, J. (2022). China’s Health Silk Road and the BRI Agenda in the Middle East. Middle East Institute, 11 January, https://www.mei.edu/publications/chinas-health-silkroad-and-bri-agenda-middle-east#_ftnref14
Council on Foreign Relations (2023). “Why Health Is Important to U.S. Foreign Policy”. https://www.cfr.org/excerpt-why-health-important-us-foreign-policy
COVAX (2022). “COVID-19 vaccine doses donated to COVAX”. 23 March, https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covax-donations
Deciancio, Melisa (2008). “The Jacksonian Tradition and the United States Foreign Policy”. Fulbright Foundation, pp-1-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277657913_The_Jacksonian_Tradition_and_the_United_States_Foreign_Policy_The_Influence_of_History_on_the_Ideas_of_the_Bush_Administration
Fazal, T. M. (2020). “Health Diplomacy in Pandemical Times”. International Organization, Vol.74, No1, pp.78-97.
Fidler, D.P. (2013). Health Diplomacy. In: A.F. Cooper, J. Heine, and R. Thakur (Ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 691–707.
Fidler, David P. (2001). “The Globalization of Public Health: the First 100 Years of International Health Diplomacy”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol.79, No.1, pp.842-849.
Gauttam, Priya; Singh, Bawa; Kaur, Jaspal (2020). “Covid-19 and Chinese Global Health Diplomacy: Geopolitical Opportunity for China Hegemony?” Millennial Asia, Vol.3, pp. 318-340.
Goozner, Merrill (2024). “Trump vs. Biden: Who Got More Done on Health Care?”. Whashinton Monthly, April 7, https://washingtonmonthly.com/2024/04/07/trump-vs-biden-who-got-more-done-on-health-care/
Gostin LO, Koh et al. (2020). “US Withdrawal from WHO is Unlawful and Threatens Global and US Health and Security”. Lancet, No. 396, pp. 293-295.
Huff, Toby H. (1984). Maax Weber and the Methology of the Social Sciences. UK: London, Transaction Books.
Hamilton, Daniel S. (2017). “Trump's Jacksonian Foreign Policy and its Implications for European Security”. Ulbrief: Swedish Institute of International Affairs, No.2, pp-1-9. https://www.ui.se/globalassets/butiken/ui-brief/2017/hamilton-ui--brief.-05-23.pdf
Hayashi, Yuka et al. (2021). “U.S. to Increase Covid-19 Vaccine Exports Amid Global Pressure”. Wall Street Journal, 17 May, https://www.wsj.com/articles/biden-to-commit-to-exporting-covid-19-vaccines-by-end-of-june-11621269053
Huang, Pien (2020). “Trump Sets Date To End WHO Membership Over Its Handling of Virus”. NPR, 7 July, https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/07/07/888186158/trump-sets-date-to-end-who-membership-over-its-handling-of-virus
Igo, Michael (2020). “What Trump plans to do with America's leftover COVID-19 vaccines”. Devex, 10 December, https://www.devex.com/news/what-trump-plans-to-do-with-america-s-leftover-covid-19-vaccines-98749
Ikenberry, G. John and Others (2009). The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century. U.S: Princeton University Press.
Karen, M.; Schwarzenberg, Andres B.; Sutherland, Michael D. (2020). “COVID-19: China Medical Supply Chains and Broader Trade Issues”. Congressional Research Service, December 23, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R46304.pdf
KFF (2023). “U.S. International COVID-19 Vaccine Donations Tracker”. 14 June, https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/u-s-international-covid-19-vaccine-donations-tracker/
Kickbusch, I., Silberschmidt, G., Buss, P. (2007). “Global Health Diplomacy: The Need for New Perspectives, Strategic Approaches and Skills in Global Health”. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Vol.85, No.1, pp.230–232.
Lambrew, Jeanne (2024). “Health Policy for Older Americans Better Under President Biden than Trump”. The Century Foundation, July 9, https://tcf.org/content/commentary/health-policy-for-older-americans-better-under-president-biden-than-trump/
Levitt, Larry (2020). “Trump vs Biden on Health Care”. JAMA, Vol.324. No.14, pp.1384-1385. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.19172
Mangan, Dan (2020). “Trump blames China for coronavirus pandemic: ‘The world is paying a very big price for what they did’”. CNBC, 19 March, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/19/coronavirus-outbreak-trump-blames-china-for-virus-again.html
Marrogi, Aizen J; Al-Dulaimi, Saadoun (2014). “Medical Diplomacy in Achieving U.S. Global Strategic Objectives”. JFQ, Vol.74, pp.124-130.
Mason, Jeff; O'donnell, Carl (2021). “Under pressure, U.S. donates half billion more COVID-19 vaccine doses to world”. Reuters, 23 September, https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-pledges-new-vaccine-donations-bid-rally-global-pandemic-fight-2021-09-22/
MccCarthy, Niall (2021). “America First? Covid-19 Production & Exports”. Statista, 19 May, https://www.statista.com/chart/24555/vaccine-doses-produced-and-exported/
Mead, Walter Russell (1996). “Hamilton's Way”. World Policy Journal, fall, pp 89-106. http://www3.amherst.edu/~pmachala/Current%20Politics.pdf
Mendis, P. (2010). Commercial Providence: The Secret Destiny of the American Empire. Lanham, Md: University Press of America.
Michaud, josh.; Kates, Jen (2012). “U.S. Global Health Policy”. Policy brief, September, Raising the Profile of Diplomacy in The U.S. Global Health Response: A Background on Global Health Diplomacy.
Multilateral Approach to Beating the Pandemic (2024). https://www.state.gov/covid-19-recovery/#multilateral
Ortagus, Morgan (2021). “Update on U.S. Withdrawal from the World Health Organization”. Trump Administration/U.S. Department of State. Sept. 3, https://2017-2021.state.gov/update-on-u-s-withdrawal-from-the-world-health-organization/index.html.
Rodousakis, Nikolaos, and George Soklis (2022). “The Impact of COVID-19 on the US Economy: The Multiplier Effects of Tourism”. Economies, Vol. 10, No. 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10010002
Sachs, Jeffrey D. et al. (2022). “The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID-19 pandemic”. The Lancet Commission, Vol.400, No.10359, pp. 1224-1280.
Telias, Diego, Urdinez, Francisco (2021). “China’s Foreign Aid Political Drivers: Lessons from a Novel Dataset of Mask Diplomacy in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, October 2021, pp.1-29.
The White House, (2024). “Long-term Global Health Security Infrastructure Improvement and Reforms”. https://www.state.gov/covid-19-recovery/#long-term
The White House, (April 2024). “U.S Government Global Health Security Strategy 2024”. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Global-Health-Security-Strategy-2024-1.pdf
Trump, Donald (2017). “Trump: US is Withdrawing from Paris Climate Agreement but Wants to Renegotiate”. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/.../trump-announces-paris-climateagreement-decision.ht.
Trump, Donald (2016). “Read Donald Trump's 'America First' Foreign Policy Speech”. Time, 27 April, https://time.com/4309786/read-donald-trumps-america-first-foreign-policy-speech/
Trump, Donald (2020). “Trump says terminating US relationship with World Health Organization over virus”., The Reuters, 30 May,https://www.reuters.com/article/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/trump-says-terminating-us-relationship-with-world-health-organization-over-virus-idUSL1N2DB21X/
U.S. COVID-19 Response: Strengthening Global Supply Chains, (2024). https://www.state.gov/covid-19-recovery/#supply-chain
UN General Assembly (2020). International Cooperation to Ensure Global Access to Medicines, Vaccines and Medical Equipment to Face COVID-19. A/RES/74/274, 20 April, https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n20/101/42/pdf/n2010142.pdf
Unruh, Lynn (2021). “Biden Administration COVID-19 Measures”. Health Systems and Policy Monitor (HSPM), 2 April, https://eurohealthobservatory.who.int/monitors/health-systems-monitor/analyses/hspm/united-states-of-america-2020/biden-administration-covid-19-measures
UNSC (2020). UN. Security Council, Resolution 2532 (2020) / adopted by the Security Council on 1 July 2020. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3870751?ln=en&v=pdf
US Department of State (2023). https://www.state.gov/policy-issues/global-health/
Velásquez, Germán (2022). “The World Health Organization Reforms in the Time of COVID-19”. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-89125-1_6
Weiss, J. C., & Wallace, J. L. (2021). “Domestic politics, China's rise, and the future of the liberal international order”. International Organization, Vol.75, No.2. pp. 635-664.
White House (2021). “Letter to His Excellency António Guterres”. Correspondence from President Biden, Jan, 20, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/20/letter-his-excellency-antonio-guterres/
WHO (19 May 2022). “United State of America: Partner in Global Health”. https://www.who.int/about/funding/contributors/usa
WHO (2023), “Thirteenth General Programme of Work 2019-2023”, https://www.who.int/about/what-we-do/thirteenth-general-programme-of-work-2019---2023
WHO (2024). “Our Values”. https://www.who.int/about/values
WHO (2024). Coronavirus Cases: United States. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
WHO (21 April 2023). “Governments hold third round of discussions on proposed amendments to the International Health Regulations”. https://www.who.int/news/item/21-04-2023-governments-hold-third-round-discussions-on-proposed-amendments-to-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)
WHO (27 September 2022). “Joint statement of the United States of America and the World Health Organization on the U.S.-WHO strategic dialogue”. https://www.who.int/news/item/27-09-2022-joint-statement-of-the-united-states-of-america-and-the-world-health-organization-on-the-u.s.-who-strategic-dialogue
WHO: Centre for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza (2023). https://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/who-collaboration.htm.
WHO: Composition of the Board: Members of the Executive Board and Term of Office (2023). https://apps.who.int/gb/gov/en/composition-of-the-board_en.html
WTO (2020). “Trade in Medical in the Context of Tackling Covid-19: Developments in the First Half of 2020”. World Trade Organization, 22 December, https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/covid19_e/medical_goods_update_e.pdf
Zoubir, Y. H. (2020). China’s ‘Health Silk Road’ Diplomacy in the MENA. Regional Programme Political Dialogue and Regional Integration in the Southern Mediterranean. https://www.kas.de/en/web/poldimed/single-title/-/content/ china-s-health-silk-road-diplomacy-in-the-mena.