عوامل ناکامی نظام حکمرانی ایالات متحده آمریکا در مدیریت بحران همه گیری ویروس کووید-19

صمدی میارکلائی, حمزه; صمدی میارکلائی, حسین

doi:10.27834743/ASS.2301.1147.6

عوامل ناکامی نظام حکمرانی ایالات متحده آمریکا در مدیریت بحران همه گیری ویروس کووید-19

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ دانش آموخته دکتری مدیریت دولتی، گروه مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، تهران، ایران

² کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت دولتی، باشگاه پژوهشگران و نخبگان جوان، قائمشهر، ایران

10.27834743/ASS.2301.1147.6

چکیده

ایالات‌متحده‌آمریکا رتبۀ نخست آمار مبتلایان و مرگ‌ومیر ناشی از بحران همه‌گیری ویروس کووید-19 را در جهان داراست و به‌لحاظ مدیریت و رهبری ضعیف بحران کووید-19 مورد انتقادات فراوانی قرار گرفته‌است. ازاین‌رو، این پرسش مطرح می‌شود که عوامل ناکامی نظام حکمرانی ایالات‌متحده در مدیریت بحران همه‌گیری ویروس کووید-19 کدام‌اند؟ برای پاسخ به این پرسش، مقالات منتشرشده در سال‌های 2020-2021 مورد بررسی و تحلیل قرار گرفتند. بدین منظور، از روش فراترکیب و کدگذاری باز استفاده شده است. یافته‌های فراترکیب نشان می‌دهد که مقالات مورد مطالعه شش عامل اصلی: عوامل ساختاری (فدرالیسم و روابط بین‌دولتی و تفکیک قوا (سِنا، مجلس نمایندگان، و دولت فدرال))؛ عوامل سیاسی (ایدئولوژی سیاسی، صنعت سیاسی، و قطبی‌سازی حزبی و سیاسی)؛ عوامل مربوط به مدیریت و رهبری عمومی (ویژگی‌های شخصیتی رئیس‌جمهور ایالات متحده آمریکا (ترامپیسم)، و مدیریت و رهبری بحران)؛ عوامل اجتماعی (بی‌اعتمادی، بی‌عدالتی اجتماعی، و گسستگی (عدم‌یکپارچگی) اجتماعی)؛ عوامل مرتبط با ماهیت و ظرفیت دولت (ناکارآمدی بوروکراسی (ساختار اداری دولت) و خصوصی‌سازی)، و عوامل خط‌مشی (خط‌مشی‌های نئولیبرال و خط‌مشی‌های بهداشتی) را به‌ترتیب به‌عنوان عوامل ناکامی نظام حکمرانی ایالات‌متحده در مدیریت بحران کووید-19 مطرح می‌کنند. دانش حاصل از این پژوهش می‌تواند نگاه اندیشمندان و کارگزاران کشورهای دنیا را نسبت به پارادایم‌ها و مبانی نظری مدیریتی و حکمرانی برخاسته از ایالات‌متحده تغییر دهد. زیرا، عوامل اثرگذار بر ناکامی ایالات متحده در مدیریت موفق بحران کووید-19 فراتر از ناکامی و ناتوانی رئیس‌جمهور یا دولت ایالات متحده است و ناشی از نظام سیاسی و حکمرانی ناکارآمد و درحال افول ایالات متحده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Reasons of the Failure of the USA's Governance System to Deal with Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic

نویسندگان [English]

Hamzeh Samadi-Miarkolaei ¹
Hossein Samadi-Miarkolaei ²

¹ Ph.D. Department of Public Administration, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran

² Master of Public Administration, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Qaemshahr, Iran

چکیده [English]

United States of America hold first rank in the world based on COVID-19 pandemic crisis infection and deaths, and has been critiqued about the poor management and leadership of the COVID-19 crisis.Therefore, this question is raised, what are the factors of the failure of the United States governance system in managing the COVID-19 pandemic crisis?To answer this question, published papers in 2020 and 2021 are explored and analyzed.For this purpose,the Meta-synthesis method and open coding are used.Meta-synthesis findings showed that the studied papers posed six basic factors as the failure factors of US governance system in managing the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, respectively: structural factors (federalism and intragovernmental relations and separation of powers (Senate, House of Representatives, and federal government)); political factors (political ideology, political industry, and partisan and political polarization); factors relevant to public management and leadership (personality of the US president (Trumpism), and crisis management and leadership); social factors (distrust, social injustice, social disconnection (disintegration)); factors relevant to government nature and capacity (inefficiency of bureaucracy (government administrative structure) and privatization), and policy factors (neoliberal policies and health policies). Knowledge from this research could change the view of the world scholars and practitioners toward paradigms and theoretical foundations of management and governance from USA or at least rethink them. Because, affecting factors on the failure of the United States in the successful dealing with COVID-19 is beyond United States' President and his administration failure and disability, and is entrenched in the United States inefficient and declining political and governance system.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Crisis
United States of America
Governance
Failed State
Meta-synthesis

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