The Impact of the Neoconservative Structure on American Muslims and Islamophobia

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Corresponding author:Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Education, Unit of Shahid Qasem Soleimani, (Kerman)Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

3 University of Political Science (Political Thought), Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Most Muslims in the United States suffer from discrimination and injustice in society and the political system of this country and consider it as a phenomenon of Islamophobia. Islamophobia against Muslims in the United States is a structural phenomenon based on ideological and institutional teachings. So in this article, we will try to answer the questions: How have anti-Islamic structures and institutions in the United States been influenced by neoconservative thinking? And how do Islamophobic ideologies fuel the spread of Islamophobia in this country? And what are the consequences of this anti-Islamic vision at the level of the American political system against American Muslims? After analyzing the situation of Muslims in the United States, we believe that the main ideological doctrine of discrimination against Muslims and other minorities in the United States is the neoconservative cultural, political, social, and economic system. The main fruit of this system is the production of inequality. Therefore, within this system, equality of Muslims with political elites and capitalists is difficult, and the main function of the political system is to maintain this inequality. That is why anti-Islamic capitalist institutions and structures have spread Islamophobia by funding the political system, one of the most important consequences of which is to create bottlenecks in the social, legal and religious life of Muslims in the United States. The theoretical framework of this paper is based on thought neoconservatism and the research method has a descriptive and analytical approach and the method of data collection is based on the library and reliable internet resources.

Keywords


Smiley face

منابع

فارسی

آجلیلی،هادی؛قاسمی، روح الله(1394)،« اتاق های فکر ایالات متحده و انگلستان در ترویج راهبرد اسلام هراسی ( رویکرد تحلیل گفتمان)»، مطالعات راهبردی بسیج، سال 18، شماره 66،صص125-155.
امینیان، مهدی (1398)، «بخش فرهنگ»، ما‌هنامه تحلیلی مطالعات آمریکا، اندیشکده مطالعات آمریکا: پژوهشکده شهید صدر دانشگاه جامع امام حسین (ع)، پیش‌شماره 1، صص 1-67.
بال، ترنس و ریچارد، دگر (1386)، ایدئولوژی‌های سیاسی و آرمان دموکراتیک، ترجمۀ:احمد صبوری، تهران: کتابخانه تخصصی وزارت امور خارجه.
بشیریه، حسین، (1378)، لیبرالیسم و محافظه­کاری: تاریخ اندیشه­های سیاسی قرن بیستم، جلد دوم، تهران: نشر نی.
پولادی، کمال (1383)، تاریخ اندیشه سیاسی در غرب، تهران: نشر مرکز.
درفیوس، رابرت (2007)، بازی شیطان؛ پروژه امپراطوری آمریکا، جلد دوم، مترجم و ناشر: فریدون گیلانی، ترجمه شده از متن انگلیسی:  Metropoliten Books / Henry Holt and Company LLC, www.henryholt.com,
، مرکز پخش:  Forough Book / Jahn Str. 24 / 50676 Köln
دهشیری، محمد رضا(1392)، اسلام‌هراسی در غرب: جنگ سرد جدید فرهنگی علیه مسلمانان در آمریکا و انگلستان،           تهران : انتشارات بین‌المللی الهدی.
سلیمانی پورلک، فاطمه (1389)، قدرت نرم در استراتژی خاورمیانه‌ای آمریکا، تهران: پژوهشکده مطالعات راهبردی.
عباسی اشلقی، مجید (1391)، بررسی اسناد استراتژی امنیت ملی ایالات ‌متحده در دولت بوش پسر، از کتاب آمریکا: بخش ویژه بررسی اسناد استراتژی امنیت ملی آمریکا پس از جنگ سرد، ترجمه عباس کاردان، تهران: ابرار معاصر.
غفوری، محمود و داوند، محمد (1395)، «ارزیابی وضعیت حقوق بشر در نظام نومحافظه‌کاری (مطالعه موردی: ایالات ‌متحده آمریکا)»، فصلنامه سیاست، دوره 46، شماره 2، صص 382-363.
قنبرلو، عبدالله (۱۳۸۹)، «یازده سپتامبر و گسترش پدیده اسلام‌هراسی در غرب»، جستارهای سیاسی معاصر، سال 1، شماره 2، صص، 122-103.
موسی­نژاد، محمدجواد و حسین­پور، نادر (1387)، «اثر اندیشه­های لئو اشتراوس بر نو­محافظه­کاری و نمودهای آن در سیاست خارجی آمریکا»، اطلاعات سیاسی اقتصادی، شماره 250، صص، 51-36.
هیوود، اندرو (1389)، سیاست، ترجمه عبدالرحمان عالم، تهران: نشر نی.

لاتین

 Abedi, hoda (2018), “Works to Understand and Counter the Rise of  Islamophobia”, at book Carter center, One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, pp 5-7.
Abdulhadi, Rabab Ibrahim (2018), “The Islamophobia and Israel Lobby industries: Overlapping Interconnection and Anti-Racist Policy Recommendation”, at book crter center, One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, pp 14-22.
Beirich, Heidi (2018), “Anti-Muslim Hate Groups: A Primer”, at book carter center, One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway, Atlanta, pp 8-13.
Beydoun, Khaled A (2021), Islamophobia: Toward a Legal Definition and Framework. Columbia Law Review Online, vol.116, Access Date: December: https:// columbia lawreview.org/content/islamophobia-toward-a-legal-definition-and-framework.
Cair (2014), A Project of the Council on American-Islamic Relations: MONITORING AND COMBATING ISLAMOPHOBIA: ISLAMOPHOBIC INDIVIDUALS: Brigitte Gabriel. Access Date: https://islamophobia.org/islamophobic-individuals/brigitte-gabriel-aka-hanah-kahwagi-tudor/.
Cair (2021) protecting your right to work, free from discrimination. Access Date: December 4 : https://www.cair.com/success_stories/protecting-your-right-to-work-free-from-discrimination.
Center American progress (2011), Fear, Inc: The Roots of the Islamophobia Network in America, Access Date: December:  https://www.americanprogressaction.org/ ?s =Fear %2C+Inc%3A.
Carter center(2018), Countering the Islamophobia Industry Toward More Effective Strategies, One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307(404) 420-5100, www.cartercenter.org.
Diamant, Geff (2017), American Muslims are concerned – but also satisfied with their lives,  Pewresearcher, Access Date: December: https: //www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/07/26/american-muslims-are-concerned-but-also-satisfied-with-their-lives/.
Douglas; Pratt, Rachel Woodlock, (2016), Boundaries of Religious Freedom: Regulating Religion in Diverse Societies Fear of Muslims? Introduction: Understanding Islamophobia, Switzerland, Springer International Publishing.
Duffner, Jordan Denari (2016), Danger and Dialogue: American Catholic Public Opinion and Portrayals of Islam. Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Center for Muslim-Christian, Understanding Georgetown University.
Douglas; Pratt, Rachel Woodlock, (2016), Boundaries of Religious Freedom: Regulating Religion in Diverse Societies Fear of Muslims? Introduction: Understanding Islamophobia, Switzerland.: © Springer International Publishing.
Encyclopaedia Britannica (2016), Neo-conservatism. Publisher: Encyclopaedia Britanica, political philosophy, Access Date: November: https://www.britannica.com/ topic/ neoconservatism.
Foody, Kathleen M (2018), “Muslims in the American Media: From Texts to Affects”, Journal of Islamic Studies, Published by Oxford University Press., pp 1-23.
Griffin, Tom; Aked, Hilary; Miller, David and Marusek, Sarah (2020), The Henry Jackson Society and the degeneration of British neoconservatism: Liberal interventionism, Islamophobia and the ‘War on Terror, Department of Social & Policy SciencesCentre for Analysis of Social Policy (CASP), Publisher University of Bath.
Huntington, Samuel, (1996), The Clash of Civilizations and Remaking of World Order, HARVARD UNIVERSITY: PRINTED IN THE U.S.A. COPYRIGHT 1996 SIMON & SCHUSTER.
Kumar, Deppa (2021), The New McCarthyites: The Right-wing Islamophobia Network and Their Liberal Enablers, verso books, Access Date:  https://www.versobooks.com/ blogs/5151-the-new-mccarthyites-the-right-wing-islamophobia-network-and-their-liberal-enablers.
Lipca, Michael (2017), Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world. Pew researcher, Access Date: December: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/.
Marinov, Robert and Stockemer, Daniel (2020), “The Spread of Anti-Islamic Sentiment: A Comparison between the United States and Western Europe”, Politics & Policy, V 48, Issue 3, pp1-40.
Masci, David (2019), Many Americans see religious discrimination in U.S. – especially against Muslims. Pew researcher, Access Date: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/05/17/many-americans-see-religious-discrimination-in-u-s-especially-against-muslims.
McGlinchey, Stephen (2019), Neo-conservatism and American Foreign Policy, International Relations, Access Dat: https://www.e-ir.info/2009/06/01/neo-conservatism-and-american-foreign-policy/
New America )2018(, Anti-Muslim Activities in the United States 2012-2018: Violence, Threats, and Discrimination at the Local Level, Access Date: January: https:// www. newamerica.org/in-depth/anti-muslim-activity.
New York Civil Liberties Union (2014), Immigrants’ Rights Are Human Rights: Universal Guarantees of Rights to All People, Access Date: December: http://www.google.com/ url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&s.
Nortey, Justin (2020), More Americans say Trump administration has helped evangelicals than other groups, Pew researcher center, Access Date: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/05/11/more-americans-say-trump-administration-has-helped-evangelicals-than-other-groups/.
 
Southern Poverty Law Center,2021. Islamophobia has a presence within the Council for National Policy, a secretive and influential right-wing coalition, according to leaked documents reviewed by Hatewatch. Access Date: December 4, 2021:https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2021/05/27/shadowy-right-wing-strategy-group-embraces-islamophobic-figures-policies-presents-challenge.
 
World factbook,2021. United States North America. Access Date: December 4, 2021:  https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/
 
Volume 1, Issue 4
Winter Quarterly
March 2022
Pages 31-62
  • Receive Date: 08 August 2021
  • Revise Date: 05 December 2021
  • Accept Date: 25 January 2022